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Comment fonctionnent les voitures auto-conduites : Le rôle de la technologie PCB

AVs PCB

Introduction

A report said that Tesla is developing self-driving cars. Its Robotaxi should be in production in 2026 and mass-produced in 2027. If the FSD for Model 3/Y is approved in China and Europe in Q1 2025, it will be the first to experience unmanned driving and become a taxi. Other new energy vehicle manufacturers have started similar programs, including Huawei ADS 4.0 and Xiaopeng.
Furthermore, due to the deepening of automotive electrification, the amount of PCB is also increasing, HDI, panneaux flexibles, cartes multicouches and other segments have their own application scenarios and development characteristics in the field of automotive electronics.
FS Tech‘s advances in PCB technology are also changing how car manufacturers design self-driving vehicles, from test vehicle building to prototyping.

S'il vous plaît nous contacter as soon as possible if you have any inquiries regarding Fabrication de PCB and PCBA-related services for the automotive industry. We always place a high value on THE STANDARDS OF AUTOMOTIVE PCB. We also meet all of the following standards for automotive PCBs:

Fabrication et assemblage de circuits imprimés pour l'automobile

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  • IPC-6012DA
  • AEC-Q100/AEC-Q200
  • ISO 26262
  • JESD22-A100
  • IEC 61508
  • UL 94
  • RoHS
  • IPC-A-600G
  • IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020
  • IPC-A-610

Understanding Self-Driving Cars

Self-driving cars, commonly known as autonomous vehicles (AVs) or driverless automobiles, are gradually changing the way we travel. They are capable of carrying out driving tasks from start to finish without the need for human interaction. 

Self-driving vehicles work by obtaining data from the environment around them, relative to the engines’ onboard systems that control movement, and deciding in real-time what action to execute.

La Society of Automotive Engineers a classé l'autonomie des véhicules en six niveaux, allant du niveau 0, qui correspond à l'absence totale d'autonomie, au niveau 5, qui correspond à l'automatisation ultime ou totale. Cette classification permet de définir les étapes technologiques du développement de la conduite autonome.

Niveaux d'autonomie des véhicules
Niveaux d'autonomie des véhicules

Components of Self-driving Cars

The provision of the necessary electrical connections and support for a wide range of components, like as sensors, processors, communication modules, and power management systems, is made possible by PCBs, which are an essential component in the functioning of self-controlled vehicles. The following are considered to be core components of this technology:

Capteurs et caméras

A variety of sensors and cameras are needed to observe the surrounding environment in self-driving vehicles. These devices may capture data about the environment in terms of the position of other cars, the presence of people, traffic lights, and roads.

véhicule autonome

These devices collect data relating to the environment in the form of the position of other cars and the number of people, the presence of traffic lights, and simply the roads in context. Key types of sensors include:

  • Caméras: Des caméras haute résolution sont utilisées sous plusieurs angles pour assurer la visibilité des obstacles, la lecture des panneaux de signalisation et la reconnaissance des voies.
  • Capteurs à ultrasons: Il s'agit de capteurs à courte portée utilisés pour le stationnement et pour reconnaître d'autres objets à proximité.
  • Radar et LIDAR(dans les véhicules autres que Tesla) : Le radar permet de mesurer la distance et d'estimer la vitesse en émettant des ondes radio, tandis que le LIDAR utilise le rayonnement laser pour créer une carte du terrain. Par ailleurs, Tesla a mis au point des méthodes plus avancées qui n'utilisent aucune de ces deux technologies, leurs systèmes reposant uniquement sur la vision.

Intelligence artificielle et apprentissage automatique

est l'épine dorsale de toutes les technologies de véhicules automatisés en mouvement. Les automobiles à conduite autonome sont dotées de systèmes d'intelligence artificielle qui traitent les données fournies par les capteurs et les caméras afin d'appréhender le "monde" qui les entoure. Le système d'intelligence artificielle doit

  • Détecter et surveiller les objets à proximité, en particulier les clients motorisés et les piétons.
  • Anticipez le comportement des automobilistes et des piétons qui se trouvent dans la même zone afin de ne pas les gêner.
  • Scénarios qui nécessitent une mémoire musculaire et des réactions rapides, comme appuyer sur la pédale d'accélérateur ou de frein.

Unités centrales de contrôle

Dans les voitures autonomes d'aujourd'hui, le composant le plus important est l'unité centrale de contrôle, qui coordonne le déplacement, l'accélération et le freinage après avoir combiné les informations provenant de différents capteurs et de l'unité centrale de contrôle. AI des systèmes d'alimentation en eau. 

Unité centrale de contrôle

This unit connects and integrates everything thanks to Printed Circuit Boards, which module the high-speed transfer of data across systems.

L'unité de contrôle centrale doit être responsable des systèmes critiques pour la sécurité où il doit être possible de contrôler le véhicule en toute sécurité en cas de défaillance de l'IA. Ces types de systèmes sont largement dépendants du temps, d'où la nécessité d'un matériel informatique avancé et de circuits imprimés incroyablement fiables dans les véhicules autonomes.

Understanding Self-Driving Cars PCB

We already know what AVs are. Let’s delve into driverless PCB.

Self-driving car PCBs are the backbone of these cars, connecting and integrating sensors, cameras, radars, control units, etc., to process data, perform decision-making, and control the vehicle to perform various functions and ensure vehicle safety. 
AVs PCB

With an understanding of self-driving cars PCB, below is an in-depth look at the core components that FS Tech peut fournir aux voitures auto-conduites dans la fabrication de PCB et montage.

Strategies for Self-driving Cars PCB Assembly

For automotive electronics PCB assembly, it is necessary to select the right Matériau du circuit imprimé and a specific design to meet the requirements specified in the usage standards to ensure that no problems occur during production. Therefore, the following basic strategies need to be followed.

Component Placement and Orientation

Component placement and orientation play an important role in the reliability of circuit board manufacturing. For example, when wave soldering is used, components must be orientated parallel to the direction of the wave, placing bridge solder or open circuits.

Power Thermal Management

Board alignment thickness, number of layers, heat path continuity, and board surface are all factors that affect the climate of running components. When absorption exceeds 10mW or current exceeds 10mA, components must be properly thermally managed and power-managed components.

Component Sequencing

Place finer components first, followed by smaller parts. In addition, analog or hybrid components must be placed in a specific PCB area, separate from their digital components.

DRC Principle

The DRC (Design Rule Check) principle for PCBAs for self-driving cars ensures that the PCB design meets the rules for manufacturing and performance standards, including verifying that circuit element spacing, alignment widths, aperture sizes, etc., are within manufacturing tolerances. This identifies potential manufacturing problems at an early stage, reduces costs, and improves product quality.

The Role of PCBs in Autonomous Vehicles

Computers, automation technology, and autonomous vehicles all utilize a crucial component known as printed circuit boards. It serves the purpose of connecting different electronic systems and facilitating numerous communication linkages. The principal role of PCBs in self-driving cars is the management of multiple sensor data and the execution of decisions within milliseconds to guarantee safety and effectiveness.

Here is how PCBs power autonomous vehicles:

Reliability and durability

Automotive PCB devices must be rugged enough to withstand harsher environments than PCBs typically used in other applications. They are typically exposed to high temperatures, dust, moisture, accidental shocks (drops), and power overloads/surges. When designing, ensure that the PCB materials and enclosures can pass thermal reliability and long-term tests typical of harsh environments.

Intégration

As the self-driving car industry grows, previously independent and diverse systems are experiencing greater integration. Greater processing power can be achieved in vehicles by prioritizing integration in PCB design, which involves sensors, electronic control units (ECUs), and the various electro-mechanical systems that control various aspects of self-driving cars.

Hardware interface requirements

Self-driving cars should have superior capabilities beyond those of human drivers. This means that the need for multiple hardware interfaces needs to be considered to ensure that the system is capable of having another ECU take over its functions in the event of one ECU failing, which requires the use of in-vehicle networks with mesh topologies to provide redundancy.

Lidar Cooling And Thermal Management

LIDAR or radar systems in self-driving cars require PCBs with low loss and high frequency characteristics. In addition, High Density Interconnect (HDI) designs are becoming increasingly important as the number of components and interconnects increases.

Vehicle Control Architecture

Electronic control units and various systems in self-driving cars require a high degree of integration to enable data processing and execution of real-time tasks such as instant object recognition, communication over vehicle-to-vehicle self-organizing networks (VANETs), etc.

Transmission de données à haut débit

: Les circuits imprimés servent également à recevoir et à envoyer des informations aux vitesses requises. Les capteurs permettent de collecter des informations qui sont diffusées à divers endroits du véhicule. Dans des circonstances abruptes et étroites, le véhicule aura besoin de caméras et d'unités de contrôle qui fonctionnent efficacement pour une réponse fiable et suffisante.

Differences Between Self-driving Car PCBs And Automotive PCBs

As technology advances and safety and reliability requirements increase, the design of PCBs for self-driving cars is unique and complex in many ways.
The main differences between PCBs for self-driving cars and general automotive PCBs are higher technical complexity, integration, reliability, and durability requirements, as well as increased demand for high-performance materials, EMC, multi-layer boards, and the use of HDI. In addition, self-driving car PCBs need to integrate more sensors and controllers and have higher standards for environmental protection and energy efficiency.

The table below shows the main differences:

FonctionnalitéAutonomous Vehicle PCBConventional Vehicle PCB
ComplexitéHighly complex, integrates multiple sensors and actuators, supports advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)Relatively lower complexity, mainly supports basic electronic systems of the vehicle
Vitesse de transfert des donnéesRequires high-speed data transfer to handle large amounts of sensor dataLower requirements for data transfer speed
Layer Count and DensityMulti-layer boards, HDI boards, high-density wiringFewer layers, lower density
Materials and Environmental ResistanceMust withstand more extreme temperatures, humidity, vibration, and chemical corrosionLower requirements for environmental resistance
Fiabilité et durabilitéHigher requirements, as autonomous driving functions are critical for safetyLower requirements for reliability and durability
Electromagnetic CompatibilityHigher requirements due to the increase in sensors and communication devicesLower requirements for electromagnetic compatibility
Sensor IntegrationIntegrates a greater variety and number of sensors, such as cameras, radar, LiDARFewer sensor integrations
Smart Cockpit FeaturesSupports more complex smart cockpit features, such as multimedia, internet connectivityFewer or no smart cockpit features
Connected Vehicle ModulesRequires support for connected vehicle modules for high-speed communication and data transferMay not support or have basic connected vehicle functions
ValeurHigher value, especially for domain controller PCBsLower value
Growth PotentialStrong growth potential for HDI boards, with a CAGR of 16.5% expectedLower growth potential
 

The Future of Self-Driving Vehicles

It is estimated that by 2030, one out of every 10 cars in the world will be self-driving. This growth is driving not only the growth of multilayer PCBS, but also the increase in electronic content in vehicles, especially in electric vehicles (EVs) and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). As autonomous driving technology advances and investments increase, the demand for high-performance and reliable PCBS in the autonomous vehicle sector continues to grow.
voiture autopilotée

Applications commerciales

Le secteur du covoiturage est appelé à changer avec l'introduction du Robotaxi de Tesla, qui intègre de nombreuses avancées en matière de mobilité, le rendant virtuellement sans conducteur. Avec un prix estimé à environ $0,20 par kilomètre, le système de taxi avancé de Tesla est susceptible d'améliorer le transport urbain, en le rendant plus facile et de meilleure qualité.

Défis technologiques

Malgré les progrès réalisés, l'autonomie totale est encore loin d'être atteinte. Indépendamment des améliorations constantes, le système Full Self-Driving de Tesla n'a pas encore atteint la conduite non réglementée. Des concurrents tels que Waymo et Cruise sont actuellement bien plus avancés dans le déploiement de véhicules autonomes contrôlés à distance via la technologie de géofencing.

L'importance accordée à l'IA, aux capteurs et au développement du matériel est en rapport avec l'objectif de Tesla, qui est de parvenir à une sécurité totale en toute autonomie. Dans le même ordre d'idées, PCB La fabrication sera essentielle pour soutenir ces progrès généraux grâce à un traitement plus rapide des données et à des communications plus sûres entre les systèmes des véhicules.

Conclusion

PCB technology innovation and integration are essential to the development of self-driving automobiles. PCB makers play an essential role in the automobile industry as self-driving cars becoming smarter and more ecologically friendly. PCBs are being utilized more and more in modern cars for everything from entertainment systems to safety systems. In addition to providing electrical connections and mechanical support, they also meet our expectations for comfort, safety, and communication. We anticipate that self-driving cars will transform how we travel in the future as technology develops.

For automotive PCB assembly, you can select FS Tech as your partner. FS has been offering industrial PCB solutions for over a decade. For your PCB projects, we have the most comprehensive equipment and a committed staff. Are you interested in learning more about the production and assembly of PCBs? Contact us or send us an email to get started right away!

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