目次
一般的なプリント基板部品の見分け方
When you switch on a computer, radio, or any other electronic device, you will find a printed circuit board (PCB) with many small components. All of these components have a specific function, and it is important to know how to identify them before learning electronics.
この FSテクノロジー tutorial lists the most common PCB components. It talks about their function, look, and how to recognize them. After reading this, you can recognize the major components on a PCB with more confidence.
PCBAボードの一般的な電子部品
いかなる敬意も払うことなく サーキットボードの種類電子部品は、PCBAの最上層または最下層のいずれかにのみ配置することができます。PCBAボードを構成するこれらの部品は重要であると考えられ、開始する前に PCB部品の識別そのため、電子部品について知っておく必要がある。電子部品は、発振器、増幅器、送信機、受信機、無線など、所望の機能を果たす電子回路を開発するために、PCBの導電層上のトラックを介して相互にリンクすることを意味します。
Following are the main electronic components used more frequently from the simplest 単層PCB to complex 多層PCB.
抵抗器
One of the most common components, resistors slow down the flow of electric current. Think of them like a narrow section of pipe slowing the flow of water. They are used to reduce current, divide voltages, and protect sensitive components like LEDs from burning out.
How to Identify:
- Through-Hole (THT) 抵抗器： These are the simplest for a beginner. They are small, cylindrical devices with wire leads coming out of each end. They have colored bands on them. This color code is a digit. You can use online calculators or charts to decipher it for you (e.g., Brown-Black-Red = 1,000 Ohms or 1kΩ).
- Surface-Mount (SMD) Resistors: Little, flat, rectangular ceramic chips. They are typically black with a white digit imprinted on the top. The digit is a code. For example, “103” is 10 followed by 3 zeros, and that is 10,000 Ohms or 10kΩ.
下図に抵抗器の記号を示します。
コンデンサ
When mentioning the application of capacitors, the first thing people think of is charging and discharging. The capacitor is like a small rechargeable battery that is able to be charged and discharged quickly. It is only its most basic function, yet based on the basic function, different circuit phenomena can be realized, for instance: in a motor, it can produce intense vibration; in a カメラ, a capacitor can be discharged instantly with energy. A few of the most commonly used capacitors in our lives include phase-shift capacitors, electric heating capacitors, coupling capacitors, etc. They are used for smoothing 電源装置, filtering a signal, and timing circuits.
How to Identify: Capacitors come in a myriad of shapes and sizes that can be confusing. We’ll talk about the two most common ones:
- 電解コンデンサ： Larger, barrel-like components, usually aluminum-colored with a black or grey sleeve. They have a clear polarity: a stripe on the sleeve marks the negative (-) lead. They are always marked with their value (e.g., 100µF) and voltage rating (e.g., 16V).
- セラミック コンデンサ： Much smaller. Through-hole versions look like tiny, flat disks. SMD versions are small, yellow or tan, rectangular chips. They are non-polarized and typically have a numeric code marking (e.g., “104” = 100,000 pF or 0.1µF).
The symbol for a capacitor is provided by the following figure:
トランジスター
Transistors are indispensable PCB components in the 電子機器製造 industry, and their numbers are very large. We can simply divide it into triode, diode, thyristor, etc. It has a variety of functions such as detection, rectification, amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation and so on.
How to Identify: Through-hole transistors are typically in a small black plastic package with three metal leads. They will also have a part number printed on them (e.g., BC547, 2N3904) which you can look up online to know its details. SMD transistors are extremely small, black, flat chips with three leads.
The transistor symbol is illustrated in the figure below:
インダクタ
Inductors store energy in a magnetic field when current is sent through them. They resist changes in current and see significant use in power supplies and radio circuits to reject high-frequency signals.
How to Identify: They might look like resistors but tend to be one color like green, blue, or beige with no bands of color. Sometimes you can see the coiled wire inside them. SMD types are tiny, black, rectangular chips. They can have a plain number stamp.
Integrated Circuits (ICs) / Microchips
An IC is not a single device but a vast collection of tiny transistors, resistors, and other components built onto a single piece of silicon. They perform complex functions as a complete circuit (e.g., a microcontroller, amplifier, or logic chip).
How to Identify: They are the “black rectangles” with a lot of legs (pins). They cannot be overlooked. They always have a part number engraved on top (e.g., “ATMega328,” “LM358,” “74HC00”). The key to recognizing an IC is to look up this number on the internet to find its datasheet.
How to Classify PCB Components
Method 1: Active vs. Passive Components
In order to facilitate management, we generally further classify 電子部品 into two types based on various factors like power gain, functions, nature of the source, and controlling the flow of current.
アクティブコンポーネント
これらの部品は、電力を利用する代わりに回路に電力を供給するため、能動部品と呼ばれ、生成されるエネルギーは電圧と電流の形をしている。能動部品はエネルギー・ドナーとも呼ばれる。これらの部品は、その機能を実行するために外部ソースからのエネルギーを利用します、
能動素子には、トランジスタ、ダイオード、集積回路（IC）などがあります。
受動部品
受動電子部品は、能動部品が回路に供給するエネルギーを利用する。 これらの部品はエネルギーを蓄えるだけで、能動部品のようにエネルギーを供給することはできない。 受動部品はエネルギー・アクセプターとも呼ばれます。
例えば、抵抗器、コンデンサ、インダクタなどです。
| 特徴 | アクティブコンポーネント | 受動部品 |
|---|---|---|
| パワー | Can control と amplify power. They often require a power source to function. | Cannot control or amplify power. They can only absorb or store it. |
| 機能 | Act as switches, amplifiers, oscillators. | Resist, store, or filter energy. |
| 例 | Transistors, ICs, Diodes, LEDs | Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors |
Method 2: Through-Hole (THT) vs. Surface-Mount (SMD)
手元のPCBA基板をよく観察してみると、同じ基板上の電子部品でも、異なる実装工程を経ていることがわかる。簡単に言えば、PCB基板の穴に直接差し込むものと、PCB基板にハンダ付けするものだ。そのため、PCB部品はその実装方法によって2つに分類することができる。
スルーホールコンポーネント
Through-hole components refer to a type of component that is soldered on the surface of a PCBA through plug-in and ウエーブソルダリング, and usually we also call it a ディップ・コンポーネント.電子機器のほとんどの部品はスルーホールパッケージを採用している。これらのパッケージは、上層から下層に渡され、PCBで下層にはんだ付けされるのに十分な長さのピンを持っています。多層パッケージとも呼ばれる。 ディップアッセンブリー.このようなパッケージの場合、配線は最上層または最下層、あるいは他の多層PCB上のいずれかで行うことができる。
表面実装部品(SMD)
| 特徴 | Through-Hole (THT) | Surface-Mount (SMD) |
|---|---|---|
| 取り付け | Leads are inserted into holes drilled in the PCB and soldered on the other side. | Soldered directly onto パッド on the surface of the PCB. |
| Board Space | Larger, uses more space on both sides of the board. | Much smaller, allows for incredibly dense and compact modern devices. |
| 組立 | Easier for hand-soldering and プロトタイピング. | Requires precise automated machines for assembly, but is faster for 大量生産. |
Practical PCB Component Identification Tips
- Get Your Hands On Old Electronics: The best way to learn is to get a broken radio, DVD player, or old computer マザーボード (just be sure it’s not plugged in!). With a screwdriver, break it down and try to identify each component on the board.
- Use the Right Tools:
- A magnifying glass or jeweler’s loupe is necessary for reading the tiny codes on SMD components.
- Your friend is a multimeter. You can use it to measure resistor values, check if a diode works, and check for continuity (no gaps in the connections).
- Decode Part Numbers: For any transistor or IC, type the number on the part into a search engine and the term “datasheet” (e.g., “NE555 datasheet”). This document tells you everything about the part.
- Trace the Traces: Look at the thin copper lines (traces) between components. This may enable you to notice that components are grouped into functional blocks (e.g., power section, audio output section).
結論
Proficiency in the art of PCB component identification will take your repair, troubleshooting, and even design skills to electronic components to greater heights. Once you’ve mastered the art of component identification and are set to bring your circuit concepts to life, you would require a trustable manufacturing partner. FSテクノロジー offers an entire range of プリント基板製造 と 組立サービス, including 部品調達, from simple single-board prototypes to complex multi-layered projects. Contact us today for a quick quote and let us help you create your electronic innovations.
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